Vaccination in pregnancy. Consensus document of the CAV-AEP and the SEGO.

During pregnancy, physiological changes in the immune response make pregnant women more susceptible to serious infection, increasing the risk for the mother as well as the foetus, newborn and infant. All women should be correctly and fully vaccinated as they enter their reproductive years, especially against diseases such as tetanus, hepatitis B, measles, rubella and varicella. In addition to the recommended vaccines, in risk situations, inactivated vaccines could be administered to women who were not correctly vaccinated before, while attenuated vaccines are contraindicated. Despite the fact that vaccination during pregnancy is a very important preventive measure and the existing recommendations from public health authorities, scientific societies and health professionals, the vaccination coverage could clearly be improved, especially against influenza and SARS-CoV-2, so any health professional involved in the care of pregnant women should proactively recommend these vaccines. The Spanish Association of Pediatrics (AEP), through its Advisory Committee on Vaccines, and the Spanish Society of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (SEGO) recommend vaccination against the following diseases during pregnancy: against influenza and COVID-19, in any trimester of pregnancy and during the postpartum period (up to 6 months post birth) in women not vaccinated during pregnancy; against pertussis, with the Tdap vaccine, between weeks 27 and 36 of gestation (in the CAV-AEP recommendations, preferably between weeks 27 and 28); and against RSV, with RSVPreF, between weeks 24 and 36 of gestation, preferably between weeks 32 and 36.

Vacunación en el embarazo. Documento de consenso del CAV-AEP y la SEGO / Vaccination in pregnancy. Consensus document of the CAV-AEP and the SEGO

Durante el embarazo, los cambios fisiológicos en la respuesta inmunitaria favorecen que las gestantes sean más susceptibles a infecciones graves, tanto para ellas como para el feto, el recién nacido y el lactante. Todas las mujeres deberían entrar en el período reproductivo con su calendario vacunal correctamente cumplimentado, sobre todo en lo que respecta a enfermedades como tétanos, hepatitisB, sarampión, rubeola y varicela. Además de las vacunas recomendadas, en situaciones de riesgo las vacunas inactivadas podrían ser administradas en aquellas mujeres que no estuvieran correctamente inmunizadas con anterioridad, mientras que las atenuadas están contraindicadas.A pesar de que la vacunación durante el embarazo es una medida preventiva muy importante, y de las recomendaciones de autoridades sanitarias, sociedades científicas y profesionales sanitarios, las coberturas vacunales son claramente mejorables, especialmente en lo que respecta a gripe y COVID-19, por lo que todo profesional sanitario que atienda a la embarazada debe ser proactivo en aconsejarlas.La Asociación Española de Pediatría (AEP), a través de su Comité Asesor de Vacunas (CAV), y la Sociedad Española de Ginecología y Obstetricia (SEGO) recomiendan las siguientes vacunaciones durante la gestación: frente a gripe y COVID-19, en cualquier trimestre del embarazo, y durante el puerperio (hasta los 6meses) en aquellas que no hubieran sido vacunadas durante la gestación; frente a tosferina con Tdpa, entre las 27 y 36 semanas de gestación (el CAV-AEP da preferencia entre las 27 y 28 semanas); y frente al VRS con RSVPreF, entre las 24 y 36 semanas de gestación, de preferencia entre las 32 y 36 semanas. (AU)

During pregnancy, physiological changes in the immune response make pregnant women more susceptible to serious infection, increasing the risk for the mother as well as the foetus, newborn and infant. All women should be correctly and fully vaccinated as they enter their reproductive years, especially against diseases such as tetanus, hepatitisB, measles, rubella and varicella. In addition to the recommended vaccines, in risk situations, inactivated vaccines could be administered to women who were not correctly vaccinated before, while attenuated vaccines are contraindicated.Despite the fact that vaccination during pregnancy is a very important preventive measure and the existing recommendations from public health authorities, scientific societies and health professionals, the vaccination coverage could clearly be improved, especially against influenza and SARS-CoV-2, so any health professional involved in the care of pregnant women should proactively recommend these vaccines.The Spanish Association of Pediatrics (AEP), through its Advisory Committee on Vaccines (CAV), and the Spanish Society of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (SEGO) recommend vaccination against the following diseases during pregnancy: against influenza and COVID-19, in any trimester of pregnancy and during the postpartum period (up to 6months post birth) in women not vaccinated during pregnancy; against pertussis, with the Tdap vaccine, between weeks 27 and 36 of gestation (in the CAV-AEP recommendations, preferably between weeks 27 and 28); and against RSV, with RSVPreF, between weeks 24 and 36 of gestation, preferably between weeks 32 and 36. (AU)

Documento de consenso de la Sociedad Española de Obstetricia y Ginecologia (SEGO)y el Comité Español Interdisciplinario para la Prevención Vascular (CEIPV). Ventanade oportunidad: prevención del riesgo vascular en la mujer. Resultados adversos delembarazo y riesgo de enfermedad vascular* / Consensus document from the Spanish Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology (SEGO) and the Spanish Interdisciplinary Committee for Vascular Prevention (CEIPV). Window of opportunity: vascular risk prevention in women. Adverse pregnancy outcomes and risk of vascular diseas

Este documento resume la evidencia que existe entre los resultados adversos del embarazo (RAE) y el riesgo que tiene una persona gestante de desarrollar factores de riesgo vascular (RV) que pueden terminar provocando enfermedad vascular (EV) futura. Asimismo, este documento destaca la importancia de saber reconocer los RAE cuando se evalúa el RV en mujeres. Un antecedente de RAE es un indicador suficiente para hacer una prevención primaria de EV. De hecho, adoptar una dieta saludable y aumentar la actividad física entre las mujeres con RAE, de inicio en el embarazo o en el posparto y manteniéndolas a lo largo de la vida, son intervenciones importantes que permiten disminuir el RV. Por otro lado, la lactancia materna también puede disminuir el RV posterior de la mujer, incluyendo menos riesgo de mortalidad. Estudios futuros que evalúen el uso del ácido acetilsalicílico, las estatinas y la metformina, entre otros, en las mujeres con antecedentes de RAE podrían reforzar las recomendaciones sobre el uso de la farmacoterapia en la prevención primaria de la EV entre estas pacientes. Existen diferentes opciones dentro de los sistemas de salud para mejorar la transición de la atención de las mujeres con RAE entre los diferentes profesionales e implementar estrategias para reducir su RV a largo plazo. Una posible estrategia podría ser la incorporación del concepto del cuarto trimestre en las recomendaciones clínicas y las políticas de atención de la salud.(AU)

This document summarises the evidence regarding the association between adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs),such as hypertensive disorders, preterm birth, gestational diabetes, fetal growth defects (small for gestational ageand/or fetal growth restriction), placental abruption, fetal loss, and the risk that a pregnant individual in developingvascular risk factors (VR) that may lead to future vascular disease (VD): coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheralvascular disease, and heart failure. Furthermore, this document emphasises the importance of recognising APOswhen assessing VR in women. A history of APOs serves as a sufficient indicator for primary prevention of VD. In fact,adopting a healthy diet and increasing physical activity among women with APOs, starting during pregnancy and/or postpartum, and maintaining it throughout life are significant interventions that can reduce VR. On the otherhand, breastfeeding can also reduce the future VR of women, including a lower risk of mortality. Future studies evaluating the use of aspirin, statins, and metformin, among others, in women with a history of APOscould strengthen recommendations regarding pharmacotherapy for primary prevention of VD in these patients.Various healthcare system options exist to improve the transition of care for women with APOs between differenthealthcare professionals and implement long-term VR reduction strategies. One potential process could involveincorporating the fourth-trimester concept into clinical recommendations and healthcare policies.(AU)

[Documento de consenso de la Sociedad Española de Obstetricia y Ginecologia (SEGO) y el Comité Español Interdisciplinario para la Prevención Vascular (CEIPV). Ventana de oportunidad: prevención del riesgo vascular en la mujer. Resultados adversos del embarazo y riesgo de enfermedad vascular.] / Consensus document of the Spanish Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology (SEGO) and the Spanish Interdisciplinary Committee for Vascular Prevention (CEIPV). Opportunity window: vascular risk prevention in women. Adverse pregnancy outcomes and risk of vascular disease.

This document summarises the evidence regarding the association between adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs), such as hypertensive disorders, preterm birth, gestational diabetes, fetal growth defects (small for gestational age and/or fetal growth restriction), placental abruption, fetal loss, and the risk that a pregnant individual in developing vascular risk factors (VR) that may lead to future vascular disease (VD): coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, and heart failure. Furthermore, this document emphasises the importance of recognising APOs when assessing VR in women. A history of APOs serves as a sufficient indicator for primary prevention of VD. In fact, adopting a healthy diet and increasing physical activity among women with APOs, starting during pregnancy and/or postpartum, and maintaining it throughout life are significant interventions that can reduce VR. On the other hand, breastfeeding can also reduce the future VR of women, including a lower risk of mortality. Future studies evaluating the use of aspirin, statins, and metformin, among others, in women with a history of APOs could strengthen recommendations regarding pharmacotherapy for primary prevention of VD in these patients. Various healthcare system options exist to improve the transition of care for women with APOs between different healthcare professionals and implement long-term VR reduction strategies. One potential process could involve incorporating the fourth-trimester concept into clinical recommendations and healthcare policies.

Este documento resume la evidencia que existe entre los resultados adversos del embarazo (RAE), tales como son los trastornos hipertensivos, el parto pretérmino, la diabetes gestacional, los defectos en el crecimiento fetal (feto pequeño para la edad gestacional y/o restricción del crecimiento), el desprendimiento de placenta y la pérdida fetal, y el riesgo que tiene una persona gestante de desarrollar factores de riesgo vascular (RV) que pueden terminar provocando enfermedad vascular (EV) futura: cardiopatía coronaria, accidente cerebrovascular, enfermedad vascular periférica e insuficiencia cardíaca. Asimismo, este documento destaca la importancia de saber reconocer los RAE cuando se evalúa el RV en mujeres. Un antecedente de RAE es un indicador suficiente para hacer una prevención primaria de EV. De hecho, adoptar una dieta saludable y aumentar la actividad física entre las mujeres con RAE, de inicio en el embarazo y/o postparto y manteniéndolo a lo largo de la vida, son intervenciones importantes que permiten disminuir el RV. Por otro lado, la lactancia materna también puede disminuir el RV posterior de la mujer, incluyendo menos riesgo de mortalidad. Estudios futuros que evalúen el uso del ácido acetilsalicílico, las estatinas y la metformina, entre otros, en las mujeres con antecedentes de RAE podrían reforzar las recomendaciones sobre el uso de la farmacoterapia en la prevención primaria de la EV entre estas pacientes. Existen diferentes opciones dentro de los sistemas de salud para mejorar la transición de la atención de las mujeres con RAE entre los diferentes profesionales e implementar estrategias para reducir su RV a largo plazo. Una posible estrategia podría ser la incorporación del concepto del cuarto trimestre en las recomendaciones clínicas y las políticas de atención de la salud.

Documento de consenso de la Sociedad Española de Obstetricia y Ginecologia (SEGO) y el Comité Español Interdisciplinario para la Prevención Vascular (CEIPV). Ventana de oportunidad: prevención del riesgo vascular en la mujer. Resultados adversos del embarazo y riesgo de enfermedad vascular / Consensus document of the Spanish Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology (SEGO) and the Spanish Interdisciplinary Committee for Vascular Prevention (CEIPV). Opportunity window: vascular risk prevention in women. Adverse pregnancy outcomes and risk of vascular disease

Este documento resume la evidencia que existe entre los resultados adversos del embarazo (RAE), tales como son los trastornos hipertensivos, el parto pretérmino, la diabetes gestacional, los defectos en el crecimiento fetal (feto pequeño para la edad gestacional y/o restricción del crecimiento), el desprendimiento de placenta y la pérdida fetal, y el riesgo que tiene una persona gestante de desarrollar factores de riesgo vascular (RV) que pueden terminar provocando enfermedad vascular (EV) futura: cardiopatía coronaria, accidente cerebrovascular, enfermedad vascular periférica e insuficiencia cardíaca. Asimismo, este documento destaca la importancia de saber reconocer los RAE cuando se evalúa el RV en mujeres. Un antecedente de RAE es un indicador suficiente para hacer una prevención primaria de EV. De hecho, adoptar una dieta saludable y aumentar la actividad física entre las mujeres con RAE, de inicio en el embarazo y/o postparto y manteniéndolo a lo largo de la vida, son intervenciones importantes que permiten disminuir el RV. Por otro lado, la lactancia materna también puede disminuir el RV posterior de la mujer, incluyendo menos riesgo de mortalidad. Estudios futuros que evalúen el uso del ácido acetilsalicílico, las estatinas y la metformina, entre otros, en las mujeres con antecedentes de RAE podrían reforzar las recomendaciones sobre el uso de la farmacoterapia en la prevención primaria de la EV entre estas pacientes. Existen diferentes opciones dentro de los sistemas de salud para mejorar la transición de la atención de las mujeres con RAE entre los diferentes profesionales e implementar estrategias para reducir su RV a largo plazo. Una posible estrategia podría ser la incorporación del concepto delcuarto trimestre en las recomendaciones clínicas y las políticas de atención de la salud.(AU)

This document summarises the evidence regarding the association between adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs), such as hypertensive disorders, preterm birth, gestational diabetes, fetal growth defects (small for gestational age and/or fetal growth restriction), placental abruption, fetal loss, and the risk that a pregnant individual in developing vascular risk factors (VR) that may lead to future vascular disease (VD): coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, and heart failure. Furthermore, this document emphasises the importance of recognising APOs when assessing VR in women. A history of APOs serves as a sufficient indicator for primary prevention of VD. In fact, adopting a healthy diet and increasing physical activity among women with APOs, starting during pregnancy and/or postpartum, and maintaining it throughout life are significant interventions that can reduce VR. On the other hand, breastfeeding can also reduce the future VR of women, including a lower risk of mortality.Future studies evaluating the use of aspirin, statins, and metformin, among others, in women with a history of APOs could strengthen recommendations regarding pharmacotherapy for primary prevention of VD in these patients. Various healthcare system options exist to improve the transition of care for women with APOs between different healthcare professionals and implement longterm VR reduction strategies. One potential process could involve incorporating the fourth-trimester concept into clinical recommendations and healthcare policies.(AU)

Executive summary of the Consensus Statement on monitoring HIV: pregnancy, birth, and prevention of mother-to-child transmission.

The main objective in the management of HIV-infected pregnant women is prevention of mother-to-child transmission; therefore, it is essential to provide universal antiretroviral treatment, regardless of CD4 count. All pregnant women must receive adequate information and undergo HIV serology testing at the first visit. If the serological status is unknown at the time of delivery, or in the immediate postpartum, HIV serology testing has to be performed as soon as possible. In this document, recommendations are made regarding the health of the mother and from the perspective of minimizing mother-to-child transmission.

[Consensus statement on monitoring of HIV: pregnancy, birth, and prevention of mother-to-child transmission]. / Documento de consenso para el seguimiento de la infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana en relación con la reproducción, el embarazo, el parto y la profilaxis de la transmisión vertical del niño expuesto.

OBJECTIVE: The main objective in the management of HIV-infected pregnant women is prevention of mother-to-child transmission; therefore, it is essential to provide universal antiretroviral treatment, regardless of CD4 count. All pregnant women must receive adequate information and undergo HIV serology testing at the first visit. METHODS: We assembled a panel of experts appointed by the Secretariat of the National AIDS Plan (SPNS) and the other participating Scientific Societies, which included internal medicine physicians with expertise in the field of HIV infection, gynecologists, pediatricians and psychologists. Four panel members acted as coordinators. Scientific information was reviewed in publications and conference reports up to November 2012. In keeping with the criteria of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2levels of evidence were applied to support the proposed recommendations: the strength of the recommendation according to expert opinion (A, B, C), and the level of empirical evidence (I, II, III). This approach has already been used in previous documents from SPNS. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The aim of this paper was to review current scientific knowledge, and, accordingly, develop a set of recommendations regarding antiretroviral therapy (ART), regarding the health of the mother, and from the perspective of minimizing mother-to-child transmission (MTCT), also taking into account the rest of the health care of pregnant women with HIV infection. We also discuss and evaluate other strategies to reduce the MTCT (elective Cesarean, child's treatment…), and different aspects of the topic (ARV regimens, their toxicity, monitoring during pregnancy and postpartum, etc.).